/*=========================================================================
 *
 *  Copyright NumFOCUS
 *
 *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *         https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 *
 *=========================================================================*/
#ifndef itkImageMomentsCalculator_h
#define itkImageMomentsCalculator_h

#include "itkAffineTransform.h"
#include "itkImage.h"
#include "itkSpatialObject.h"

#include "vnl/vnl_vector_fixed.h"
#include "vnl/vnl_matrix_fixed.h"
#include "vnl/vnl_diag_matrix.h"

namespace itk
{
/** \class ImageMomentsCalculator
 * \brief Compute moments of an n-dimensional image.
 *
 * This class provides methods for computing the moments and related
 * properties of a single-echo image.  Computing the (non-central)
 * moments of a large image can easily take a million times longer
 * than computing the various other values derived from them, so we
 * compute the moments only on explicit request, and save their values
 * (in an ImageMomentsCalculator object) for later retrieval by the user.
 *
 * The non-central moments computed by this class are not really
 * intended for general use and are therefore in index coordinates;
 * that is, we pretend that the index that selects a particular
 * pixel also equals its physical coordinates.  The center of gravity,
 * central moments, principal moments and principal axes are all
 * more generally useful and are computed in the physical coordinates
 * defined by the Origin and Spacing parameters of the image.
 *
 * The methods that return values return the values themselves rather
 * than references because the cost is small compared to the cost of
 * computing the moments and doing so simplifies memory management for
 * the caller.
 *
 * \ingroup Operators
 *
 * \todo It's not yet clear how multi-echo images should be handled here.
 * \ingroup ITKImageStatistics
 */
template <typename TImage>
class ITK_TEMPLATE_EXPORT ImageMomentsCalculator : public Object
{
public:
  ITK_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_MOVE(ImageMomentsCalculator);

  /** Standard class type aliases. */
  using Self = ImageMomentsCalculator<TImage>;
  using Superclass = Object;
  using Pointer = SmartPointer<Self>;
  using ConstPointer = SmartPointer<const Self>;

  /** Method for creation through the object factory. */
  itkNewMacro(Self);

  /** \see LightObject::GetNameOfClass() */
  itkOverrideGetNameOfClassMacro(ImageMomentsCalculator);

  /** Extract the dimension of the image. */
  static constexpr unsigned int ImageDimension = TImage::ImageDimension;

  /** Standard scalar type within this class. */
  using ScalarType = double;

  /** Standard vector type within this class. */
  using VectorType = Vector<ScalarType, Self::ImageDimension>;

  /** Spatial Object type within this class. */
  using SpatialObjectType = SpatialObject<Self::ImageDimension>;

  /** Spatial Object member types used within this class. */
  using SpatialObjectPointer = typename SpatialObjectType::Pointer;
  using SpatialObjectConstPointer = typename SpatialObjectType::ConstPointer;

  /** Standard matrix type within this class. */
  using MatrixType = Matrix<ScalarType, Self::ImageDimension, Self::ImageDimension>;

  /** Standard image type within this class. */
  using ImageType = TImage;

  /** Standard image type pointer within this class. */
  using ImagePointer = typename ImageType::Pointer;
  using ImageConstPointer = typename ImageType::ConstPointer;

  /** Affine transform for mapping to and from principal axis */
  using AffineTransformType = AffineTransform<double, Self::ImageDimension>;
  using AffineTransformPointer = typename AffineTransformType::Pointer;

  /** Set the input image. */
  virtual void
  SetImage(const ImageType * image)
  {
    if (m_Image != image)
    {
      m_Image = image;
      this->Modified();
      m_Valid = false;
    }
  }

  /** Set the spatial object mask. */
  virtual void
  SetSpatialObjectMask(const SpatialObject<Self::ImageDimension> * so)
  {
    if (m_SpatialObjectMask != so)
    {
      m_SpatialObjectMask = so;
      this->Modified();
      m_Valid = false;
    }
  }

  /** Compute moments of a new or modified image.
   * This method computes the moments of the image given as a
   * parameter and stores them in the object.  The values of these
   * moments and related parameters can then be retrieved by using
   * other methods of this object. */
  void
  Compute();

  /** Return the total mass (or zeroth moment) of an image.
   * This method returns the sum of pixel intensities (also known as
   * the zeroth moment or the total mass) of the image whose moments
   * were last computed by this object. */
  ScalarType
  GetTotalMass() const;

  /** Return first moments about origin, in index coordinates.
   * This method returns the first moments around the origin of the
   * image whose moments were last computed by this object.  For
   * simplicity, these moments are computed in index coordinates
   * rather than physical coordinates. */
  VectorType
  GetFirstMoments() const;

  /** Return second moments about origin, in index coordinates.
   * This method returns the second moments around the origin
   * of the image whose moments were last computed by this object.
   * For simplicity, these moments are computed in index coordinates
   * rather than physical coordinates. */
  MatrixType
  GetSecondMoments() const;

  /** Return center of gravity, in physical coordinates.
   * This method returns the center of gravity of the image whose
   * moments were last computed by this object.  The center of
   * gravity is computed in physical coordinates. */
  VectorType
  GetCenterOfGravity() const;

  /** Return second central moments, in physical coordinates.
   * This method returns the central second moments of the image
   * whose moments were last computed by this object.  The central
   * moments are computed in physical coordinates. */
  MatrixType
  GetCentralMoments() const;

  /** Return principal moments, in physical coordinates.
   * This method returns the principal moments of the image whose
   * moments were last computed by this object.  The moments are
   * returned as a vector, with the principal moments ordered from
   * smallest to largest.  The moments are computed in physical
   * coordinates.   */
  VectorType
  GetPrincipalMoments() const;

  /** Return principal axes, in physical coordinates.
   * This method returns the principal axes of the image whose
   * moments were last computed by this object.  The moments are
   * returned as an orthogonal matrix, each row of which corresponds
   * to one principal moment; for example, the principal axis
   * corresponding to the smallest principal moment is the vector
   * m[0], where m is the value returned by this method.  The matrix
   * of principal axes is guaranteed to be a proper rotation; that
   * is, to have determinant +1 and to preserve parity.  (Unless you
   * have foolishly made one or more of the spacing values negative;
   * in that case, _you_ get to figure out the consequences.)  The
   * moments are computed in physical coordinates. */
  MatrixType
  GetPrincipalAxes() const;

  /** Get the affine transform from principal axes to physical axes
   * This method returns an affine transform which transforms from
   * the principal axes coordinate system to physical coordinates. */
  AffineTransformPointer
  GetPrincipalAxesToPhysicalAxesTransform() const;

  /** Get the affine transform from physical axes to principal axes
   * This method returns an affine transform which transforms from
   * the physical coordinate system to the principal axes coordinate
   * system. */
  AffineTransformPointer
  GetPhysicalAxesToPrincipalAxesTransform() const;

protected:
  ImageMomentsCalculator();
  ~ImageMomentsCalculator() override = default;
  void
  PrintSelf(std::ostream & os, Indent indent) const override;

private:
  bool       m_Valid{}; // Have moments been computed yet?
  ScalarType m_M0{};    // Zeroth moment
  VectorType m_M1{};    // First moments about origin
  MatrixType m_M2{};    // Second moments about origin
  VectorType m_Cg{};    // Center of gravity (physical units)
  MatrixType m_Cm{};    // Second central moments (physical)
  VectorType m_Pm{};    // Principal moments (physical)
  MatrixType m_Pa{};    // Principal axes (physical)

  ImageConstPointer         m_Image{};
  SpatialObjectConstPointer m_SpatialObjectMask{};
}; // class ImageMomentsCalculator
} // end namespace itk

#ifndef ITK_MANUAL_INSTANTIATION
#  include "itkImageMomentsCalculator.hxx"
#endif

#endif /* itkImageMomentsCalculator_h */